Tandem (or in tandem) is an arrangement where a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction.[1]
Tandem harness (the original use of the term in English) is used for two or more draft horses (or other draft animals) harnessed in a single line one behind another, as opposed to a pair, harnessed side-by-side, or a team of several pairs. Tandem harness allows additional animals to provide pulling power for a vehicle designed for a single animal.
The English word "tandem" derives from the Latin adverb tandem meaning "at length" or "finally".[2]
Tandem seating may be used on a tandem bicycle where it is alternative to sociable seating. The term "tandem" can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line.[1]
Contents |
The Messerschmitt KR200 was an example of a very small automobile that used tandem seating. A tandem arrangement may also be used for cars parked in a garage.
The two seating configurations for trainer, night / all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem. Usually the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. In attack helicopters, sometimes the pilot sits in back with the weapons operator in front for better view to aim weapons, as the AH-1 Cobra was a tandem cockpit redesign which produced a much slimmer profile than the much wider UH-1 Huey on which it was based. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the B-58 Hustler seated 3 crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create a trainer with tandem seating from a single seater aircraft.
An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating which is common in large aircraft but less so in high performance jets. The B-47 and XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating but the final B-52 bomber series used a conventional side-by-side cockpit. The Grumman A-6 Intruder, General Dynamics F-111 or the Sukhoi Su-24 are examples of combat aircraft which use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each others' actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has the advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter.[3]
In some cases such as the EA-6B Prowler, a two-place aircraft can be modified to be made longer into a four-place aircraft. Also a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the A-1 Skyraider, TF-102 trainer or the Hawker Hunter training versions.